‐ Two Alternative Mechanisms Regulate the Onset of Chaperone‐mediated Assembly of the Proteasomal ATPases

The proteasome holoenzyme is a molecular machine that degrades most proteins in eukaryotes. In the holoenzyme, its heterohexameric ATPase injects protein substrates into the proteolytic core particle, where degradation occurs. The heterohexameric ATPase, referred to as ‘Rpt ring’, assembles through six ATPase subunits (Rpt1‐Rpt6) individually binding to specific chaperones (Rpn14, Nas6, Nas2 and Hsm3). Here, our findings suggest that the onset of Rpt ring assembly can be regulated by two alternative mechanisms. Excess Rpt subunits relative to their chaperones are sequestered into multiple puncta specifically during early‐stage Rpt ring assembly. Sequestration occurs during stressed conditions, for example heat, which transcriptionally induce Rpt subunits. When the free Rpt pool is limited experimentally, Rpt subunits are competent for proteasome assembly even without their cognate chaperones. These data suggest that sequestration may regulate amounts of individual Rpt subunits relative to their chaperones, allowing for proper onset of Rpt ring assembly. Indeed, Rpt subunits in the puncta can later resume their assembly into the proteasome. Intriguingly, when proteasome assembly resumes in stressed cells or is ongoing in unstressed cells, excess Rpt subunits are recognized by an alternative mechanism—degradation by the proteasome holoenzyme itself. Rpt subunits undergo proteasome assembly until the holoenzyme complex is generated at a sufficient level. The fully‐formed holoenzyme can then degrade any remaining excess Rpt subunits, thereby regulating its own Rpt ring assembly. These two alternative mechanisms, degradation and sequestration of Rpt subunits, may help control the onset of chaperone‐mediated Rpt ring assembly, thereby promoting proper proteasome holoenzyme formation.