Food patch selection by the largest European herbivore

The scaling relationship between digestive system and body mass shapes foraging strategies in herbivores. The Jarman–Bell principle and the forage maturation hypothesis (FMH), two of the most important predictions formulated in herbivore foraging ecology, have been used to explain this relationship.We aimed to test these predictions for the largest European herbivore—the European bison-which is highly sexually dimorphic and recognised as a refugee species in non-optimal forest habitats. We conducted our study in the Białowieża Primeval Forest, where the European bison has been recognized as a refugee species. We estimated vegetation quality and biomass along the foraging paths of male and female European bison, and the vegetation biomass at random points in different habitats and months. We found no support for the Jarmann-Bell principle at the intraspecific level in European bison, as males and females foraged on patches of similar crude protein and fibre content. However, females selected for higher biomass. The quality of vegetation on the bison foraging patches showed a significant spatio-temporal variation. It increased from May to July and then gradually decreased. It also increased with the fertility and wetness of the habitats being the highest in wet forests. Mean biomass on European bison foraging patches (131.5 g/m²), was significantly lower than on random plots (210.5 g/m²), which supported the FMH. Our study suggests that in rich forest habitats, the abundant food resources available in summer may not constrain the metabolic rate/gut capacity ratio of either sex, potentially leading to dietary segregation. In contrast to open habitats, where vegetation maturation is less temporally variable, European bison in rich forest habitats may optimise patch selection and energy intake by tracking a habitat- and species-specific changes in the plant phenology. Understanding the relationship between European bison forage selection and forage nutritional constraints in forest habitats may be critical for conservation programmes, as European bison are better adapted to more open habitats and are recognised as refugee species in suboptimal forest habitats.