Synchronization of two coupled phase oscillators in the time-delayed second-order Kuramoto model

We examine the impact of time delay on two coupled phase oscillators within the second-order Kuramoto model, which is relevant to the operations of real-world networks that rely on signal transmission speed constraints. Our analytical and numerical exploration shows that time delay can cause multi-stability within phase-locked solutions, and the stability of these solutions decreases as inertia increases. In addition to phase-locked solutions, we discovered non-phase-locked solutions that exhibit periodic and chaotic behaviors, depending on the amount of inertia and time delay. Our results suggest that this system has the potential to create patterns similar to epileptic seizures.