Emerging Insights into the PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway and Non-Coding RNA-mediated Drug Resistance in Glioblastoma.

Glioblastoma multiforme [GBM] is a highly aggressive grade IV central nervous system tumor with a dismal prognosis. Factors such as late detection, treatment limitations due to its aggressive nature, and, notably, drug resistance significantly affect clinical outcomes. Despite the effectiveness of Temozolomide [TMZ], a potent chemotherapy agent, the development of drug resistance remains a major challenge. Given the poor survival rates and chemoresistance, there is an urgent need for novel treatment strategies. Non-coding RNAs, particularly microRNAs [miRNAs], offer a promising approach to GBM diagnosis and treatment. These small non-coding RNAs play crucial roles in tumor progression, either suppressing or promoting oncogenic characteristics. The phosphoinositide-3 kinase [PI3K]/AKT/ mTOR pathway, which regulates essential biological processes like proliferation and survival, is a key target of miRNAs in cancer. Studies have underscored the significance of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling in drug resistance development and its interplay with non-coding RNAs as mediators of tumorigenesis. This review aims to outline the involvement of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling in miRNA modulation and strategies to overcome chemoresistance in GBM.