Adaptation and Validation of the Chinese Version of Fear of Failure in Learning Scale

Fear of failure undermines students’ learning and well-being. However, despite the prevalence of fear of failure, there is a lack of a measurement tool explicitly designed to assess the fear of failure in learning among Chinese students. This study aimed to adapt and validate the Chinese version of the Fear of Failure in Learning Scale (C-FOFLS). Exploratory factor analyses were conducted for the adaptation group ( N = 353) and a four-factor solution was found. The construct validity of the four-factor structure was subsequently confirmed by item-level analysis and confirmatory factor analysis for the validation group ( N = 366). The final scale was comprised of 22 items and had four underlying dimensions: shame, performance avoidance, learned helplessness, and self-handicapping. Pearson correlation analyses demonstrated satisfactory convergent validity and concurrent validity of the C-FOFLS. C-FOFLS could be a valuable tool for conducting research on the fear of failure in learning of Chinese students.