A multi-proxy lacustrine sedimentary record of sub-decadal to decadal scale variability of monsoon during the late Holocene in southern India

The present study is aimed at understanding the sub-decadal to decadal scale variability of rainfall in southern India based on a sedimentary record (dated using AMS ¹⁴C, ²¹⁰Pb, ¹³⁷Cs methods) from Madagadakere lake (MK) situated in the foothills of the Western Ghats. A strong linkage between sediment magnetic signature and the instrumental rainfall record for the past 115 years demonstrates that the environmental magnetic proxies are useful and have greater applicability in the paleomonsoonal reconstructions. Fluctuations in the mineral magnetic, grain size, and geochemical parameters of the studied sediment profile revealed that pedogenic activity and terrigenous sediment flux to the lake varied cyclically during the Late Holocene period in response to varying intensities of rainfall. The region experienced higher or increasing trend of rainfall during periods 2100–1900, 1600–1250, 1050–925, 680–600, and 350–270 cal. years B.P., with low rainfall/decreasing trend during intervening periods. The spectral analysis of magnetic parameters revealed significant periodicities of 291, 164, 101, 54, 48, 44, 41, 39, 105, 48, and 41 years, which are very well documented in other paleoclimatic records, and whose origin is ascribed unequivocally to variation in Total Solar Irradiance (TSI). We propose that the periods of higher values for concentration-dependent magnetic parameters (higher rainfall) can be attributed to the timings of the increased TSI, positive mode of Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), northward migration of Intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) and weakened El-Niño southern oscillation (ENSO) activity in the region, establishing the teleconnection between different climatic systems.