Connecting the Dots: How Ecohydrological Connectivity Can Support Remote Sensing and Modeling to Inform Management of Woody Plant Encroachment

Rangelands cover half of the world's land surface, yet they are often threatened by multiple factors, such as the encroachment of woody plant populations. This comprehensive review investigates the fusion of ecohydrology, remote sensing, and modeling approaches to tackle this global issue. We discuss the consequences of woody plant encroachment (WPE) and consider effective strategies for preventing or mitigating encroachment in rangeland ecosystems. We highlight the importance of understanding the complex interactions between biotic and abiotic factors that accelerate these processes and the need for interdisciplinary approaches to address this issue. We also identify a range of challenges intrinsic to WPE management, including the need for deeper insights into the catalysts of WPE and their impacts on ecohydrological connectivity across diverse ecosystems. This review also emphasizes the role of remote sensing in monitoring WPE and the potential of modeling approaches to inform management decisions. We highlight the significance of comprehending regional nuances, and the influences of climate change, and encourage the development of strategies to improve collaboration among stakeholders engaged in management initiatives. We also reiterate the necessity of integrating the human dimension, including policy formulation and landowner perspectives, into effective WPE management and restoration projects. We advocate for a holistic, integrated approach to shaping the future of rangeland management in an ever-evolving global landscape.