化石和现代企鹅跗节跖骨:空腔、血管和弹性。

IF 3.5 1区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Integrative zoology Pub Date : 2024-06-10 DOI:10.1111/1749-4877.12852
Piotr Jadwiszczak, Ashley Krüger, Thomas Mörs
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引用次数: 0

摘要

企鹅的跗蹠骨短而扁平,对这些复合骨内部特征的研究非常有限。因此,我们在此基于 X 射线显微镜,对来自西摩尔岛(南极半岛)的始新世干 Sphenisciformes 类企鹅的跗蹠骨以及最近的 Aptenodytes forsteri、A. patagonicus 和 Pygoscelis adeliae 企鹅的跗蹠骨进行了全面分析。我们的研究主要集中在四个方面:髓腔的大小变化、以骺端血管为重点的血管化模式、横截面各向异性以及骺端对弯曲力的阻力。小体型始新世企鹅(Delphinornis 和 Marambiornopsis)显示出发达的跗蹠髓腔,而 "巨型 "早期 Sphenisciformes 的髓腔要么较小(Palaeeudyptes),要么显示出明显的跗蹠间尺寸梯度(Anthropornis)。现生企鹅的体腔尺寸随着体型的增大而减小。在体型较小的Delphinornis、Marambiornopsis和现生Pygoscelis中,初级骺营养孔的分布趋势十分相似;在Palaeeudyptes和现生Aptenodytes中,初级骺营养孔的分布趋势则十分相似。Anthropornis显示出一种独特的多形态模式,跖骨普遍有足底血液供应。趾骨营养管的方向各不相同,有些斜向远离近端部分,有些则轨迹不一。沿着跗跖骨轴的横截面各向异性似乎普遍较低。某些跖跗关节节段的一致性曲线集群可能反映了一种选择过程,这种选择过程对生物力学关键节段产生了重大影响。在现生企鹅中,胫骨对内侧弯曲力的阻力明显要比始新世的Sphenisciformes更有效。这可以解释为是对现生企鹅蹒跚步态的一种适应。
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Fossil and modern penguin tarsometatarsi: cavities, vascularity, and resilience.

Penguin tarsometatarsi are shortened and flattened, and studies devoted to the internal characteristics of these composite bones are very limited. Therefore, we present here a comprehensive, x-ray-microscopy-based analysis based on tarsometatarsi of Eocene stem Sphenisciformes from Seymour Island (Antarctic Peninsula) as well as recent Aptenodytes forsteri, A. patagonicus, and Pygoscelis adeliae penguins. Our study focuses on four aspects: size variability of the medullary cavities, vascularization patterns with emphasis on diaphyseal vessels, cross-sectional anisotropy, and diaphyseal resistance to bending forces. Small-sized Eocene penguins (Delphinornis and Marambiornopsis) show well-developed tarsometatarsal medullary cavities, whereas the cavities of "giant" early Sphenisciformes are either smaller (Palaeeudyptes) or show a conspicuous intermetatarsal size gradient (Anthropornis). Extant penguins exhibit a decrease in cavity dimensions as their body size increases. Distributional tendencies of primary diaphyseal nutrient foramina are quite similar in the smaller Delphinornis, Marambiornopsis, and extant Pygoscelis on one side and in Palaeeudyptes and extant Aptenodytes on the other. Anthropornis shows a unique, plesiomorphic pattern with a prevalence of plantar blood supply to the metatarsals. The diaphyseal nutrient canals diverge in orientation, some obliquely away from the proximal part, others with disparate trajectories. Cross-sectional anisotropy along the tarsometatarsal shaft generally appears to be rather low. Clustering of coherency curves along certain tarsometatarsal segments may reflect a selection process that exerts a significant influence within biomechanically crucial sections. Diaphyseal resistance to mediolateral bending forces is explicitly more efficient in extant penguins than in Eocene Sphenisciformes. This can be interpreted as an adaptation to the waddling gait of extant penguins.

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来源期刊
CiteScore
6.40
自引率
12.10%
发文量
81
审稿时长
>12 weeks
期刊介绍: The official journal of the International Society of Zoological Sciences focuses on zoology as an integrative discipline encompassing all aspects of animal life. It presents a broader perspective of many levels of zoological inquiry, both spatial and temporal, and encourages cooperation between zoology and other disciplines including, but not limited to, physics, computer science, social science, ethics, teaching, paleontology, molecular biology, physiology, behavior, ecology and the built environment. It also looks at the animal-human interaction through exploring animal-plant interactions, microbe/pathogen effects and global changes on the environment and human society. Integrative topics of greatest interest to INZ include: (1) Animals & climate change (2) Animals & pollution (3) Animals & infectious diseases (4) Animals & biological invasions (5) Animal-plant interactions (6) Zoogeography & paleontology (7) Neurons, genes & behavior (8) Molecular ecology & evolution (9) Physiological adaptations
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Synergistic Effects of Three-Species Symbiosis in Spiders. The Impact of Life-History Traits on Vulnerability to Extinction of the Oviparous Species in Reptiles. Issue Information cba-miR-222-3p involved in photoperiod-induced apoptosis in testes of striped hamsters by targeting TRAF7. Exploring riverine aquatic animal diversity and establishing aquatic ecological monitoring approaches tailored to the Qinling region via eDNA technology.
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