Monitoring detoxification enzyme levels and resistance of Tetranychus urticae against some METI-group chemicals in Türkiye cotton fields.

Acaricides used against Tetranychus urticae Koch, 1836 (Acari: Tetranychidae) in cotton fields cause control failure over time. To determine the resistance status of T. urticae populations to tebufenpyrad and bifenazate, different populations collected from Aydın (AYD), Adana (ADA), Şanlıurfa (SAN), and Diyarbakır (DIY) provinces of Türkiye, between 2019 and 2020, were subjected to diagnostic dose bioassays. Firstly, the spider mites were eliminated with a discriminating dose. Afterwards, LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ of the remaining populations were determined and the ten highest resistant populations were selected. The highest phenotypic resistance to bifenazate was observed in AYD4 and DIY2 (LC₅₀ 57.14 mg L^- 1 with 85.01-fold and LC₅₀ 30.15 mg L^- 1with 44.86-fold, respectively), while the lowest phenotypic resistance was found in SAN6 (LC₅₀ 1.5 mg L^- 1; 2.28-fold). Considering the phenotypic resistance to tebufenpyrad, the highest resistance was found in AYD4 population (LC₅₀ 96.81 mg L^- 1; 12.92-fold), while the lowest - in DIY28 population (LC₅₀ 21.23 mg L^- 1; 2.83-fold). In pharmacokinetic studies, the ADA16 population was compared with the sensitive German Susceptible Strain population and it was determined that carboxylesterase activity was statistically higher (1.46 ± 0.04 nmol/min/mg protein enzyme activation 2.70-fold). The highest activation of glutathione S-transferase was detected in ADA16 (1.49 ± 0.01 nmol/min/mg protein; 2.32-fold). No mutations were found in PSST (METI 1), the point mutation site for tebufenpyrad, and Cytb (METI 3), the point mutation site for bifenazate. In terms of phenotypic resistance, bifenazate was found to be moderately resistant in two populations (85.01 and 44.86-fold), while tebufenpyrad was moderately resistant in one population (12.92-fold). This study showed that both acaricides are still effective against T. urticae populations.