Experimental investigation of pore-filling substitution effect on frequency-dependent elastic moduli of Berea sandstone

Based on both forced oscillation and ultrasonic pulse transmission methods, we investigated solid pore infill influences on rock elastic moduli in a broad frequency range $[ {1 - 3000,\ {{10}}^6} ]$ Hz for different differential pressures. For a Berea sandstone sample, filled sequentially by solid (${22}^{\rm{o}}{\rm{C}}$), quasi-solid (${26}^{\rm{o}}{\rm{C}}$) and liquid (${34}^{\rm{o}}{\rm{C}}$) octadecane, a frequency-dependence was found for the Poisson's ratio, Young's modulus and bulk modulus, nevertheless, these elastic parameters were strongly suppressed by increasing pressures. Experimental measurements showed that shear wave velocity and modulus of solid-octadecane-filled samples are significantly larger than those of the dry and liquid-octadecane-filled ones, implying the potential stiffening effects related to solid infill in compliant pores. A three porosity structure model, which describes the solid stiffening effects related to equant, compliant and the intermediate pores with aspect ratios larger than those of compliant pores but much less than those of stiff pores, was used to compare against the experimentally measured elastic properties for octadecane pore infill, together with several other fluid/solid substitution theories. The agreement between experimental measurements and theoretical predictions is reasonably good for the sandstone tested, providing that the three porosity model can be applied for pressure- and frequency-dependent elastic moduli estimations for a viscoelastic pore-infill-saturated sandstone. Evaluating the combined squirt flow mechanism responsible for the observed moduli dispersion and attenuation is of great importance to reduce potential errors in seismic AVO inversion and 4D seismic monitoring of gas-hydrate or bitumen-saturated reservoir, especially for reservoir rocks with complex microstructures and heterogeneous pore types.