Integrated Taguchi-PCA-GRA based multi objective optimization of tube projection and radial clearance for friction stir welded heat exchanger tube-to-tube sheet joints

Leak proof tube-to-tube sheet joints are mandatory for the optimal operation and longevity of the shell and tube heat exchanger. Tube-to-tube sheet joints play a crucial role as fluid barriers, ensuring effective separation between the tube and shell side fluids within shell and tube heat exchangers. Non-conventional friction stir welding, known for imparting less residual stresses, is not commercially used for the fabrication of tube-to-tube sheet joints due to complex joint configuration and geometrical limitations. An extensive study on friction stir welding considering the geometrical parameters of tube-to-tube sheet arrangement is highly demanded. This research examined the mutual influence of radial clearance ranging from 0 mm to 0.5 mm and tube projection lying from 1 mm to 2 mm in friction stir welding of tube to tube sheet configuration on the pull-out strength, extension and, hardness at the stirring and fusion zones. Optimum radial clearance and tube projection for achieving high mechanical weld properties was estimated using multi-objective integrated Taguchi-PCA-GRA optimization. The result proves that the friction stir welded joint is capable of achieving joint strength close to the tungsten inert gas welded joint. The optimum parameters are 2 mm for tube projection and 0 mm for radial clearance to achieve maximum strength and weld penetration, while minimizing hardness at both stir zone and fusion zone. The findings of this research proved the adaptability of friction stir welding for the fabrication of tube-to-tube sheet joints with the right choice of tube projection and radial clearance.