Carriage of Clostridium perfringens in domestic and farm animals across the central highlands of Colombia: implications for gut health and zoonotic transmission.

Clostridium perfringens inhabits the guts of humans and animal species. C. perfringens can proliferate and express an arsenal of toxins, promoting the development of multiple gut illnesses. Healthy animals carrying C. perfringens represents a risk of transmission to other animals or humans through close contact and an increased likelihood of acquisition of toxin plasmids. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of C. perfringens carriage in domestic and farm animals in the central highlands of Colombia. C. perfringens was detected in six animal species using PCR targeting alpha toxin (cpa) and 16S ribosomal RNA (16S-rRNA) genes from 347 fecal samples collected in two Departments: 177 from farm animals of Boyacá and 170 from domestic animals of both Cundinamarca and Boyacá. The overall frequency of C. perfringens detection was 22.1% (n = 77/347), with the highest frequency observed in cats 34.2% (n = 41/120), followed by dogs 30.0% (n = 15/50). The lowest frequency was detected in ruminants: goats 11.1% (n = 3/27), sheep 8.0% (n = 4/50) and cattle 6.0% (n = 6/50). Domestic animals showed a higher frequency of C. perfringens carriage than farm animals. This difference could be associated with dietary patterns, as domestic animals have diets rich in proteins and carbohydrates, while ruminants have low-carbohydrate diets, resulting in high production of endopeptidase-type enzymes and differences in pH due to the anatomy of gastrointestinal tract, which can influence bacterial proliferation. These findings indicate a potential risk of transmission of C. perfringens among animals and from animals to humans through close contact.