Object Recognition Memory Deficits in ADHD: A Meta-analysis.

Object recognition memory allows us to identify previously seen objects. This type of declarative memory is a primary process for learning. Despite its crucial role in everyday life, object recognition has received far less attention in ADHD research compared to verbal recognition memory. In addition to the existence of a small number of published studies, the results have been inconsistent, possibly due to the diversity of tasks used to assess recognition memory. In the present meta-analysis, we have collected studies from Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases up to May 2023. We have compiled studies that assessed visual object recognition memory with specific visual recognition tests (sample-match delayed tasks) in children and adolescents diagnosed with ADHD. A total of 28 studies with 1619 participants diagnosed with ADHD were included. The studies were assessed for risk of bias using the Quadas-2 tool and for each study, Cohen's d was calculated to estimate the magnitude of the difference in performance between groups. As a main result, we have found a worse recognition memory performance in ADHD participants when compared to their matched controls (overall Cohen's d ~ 0.492). We also observed greater heterogeneity in the magnitude of this deficit among medicated participants compared to non-medicated individuals, as well as a smaller deficit in studies with a higher proportion of female participants. The magnitude of the object recognition memory impairment in ADHD also seems to depend on the assessment method used.