Single-cell sequencing unveils the impact of aging on the progenitor cell diversity in the telencephalon of the female killifish N. furzeri

The African turquoise killifish (Nothobranchius furzeri) combines a short lifespan with spontaneous age-associated loss of neuro-regenerative capacity, an intriguing trait atypical for a teleost. The impact of aging on the cellular composition of the adult stem cell niches, leading to this dramatic decline in the postnatal neuro- and gliogenesis, remains elusive. Single-cell RNA sequencing of the telencephalon of young adult female killifish of the short-lived GRZ-AD strain unveiled progenitors of glial and non-glial nature, different excitatory and inhibitory neuron subtypes, as well as non-neural cell types. Sub-clustering of the progenitors identified four radial glia (RG) cell types, two non-glial progenitor (NGP) and four intermediate (intercell) cell states. Two astroglia-like, one ependymal, and one neuroepithelial-like (NE) RG subtype were found at different locations in the forebrain in line with their role, while proliferative, active NGPs were spread throughout. Lineage inference pointed to NE-RG and NGPs as start and intercessor populations for glio- and neurogenesis. Upon aging, single-cell RNA sequencing revealed major perturbations in the proportions of the astroglia and intercell states, and in the molecular signatures of specific subtypes, including altered MAPK, mTOR, Notch, and Wnt pathways. This cell catalog of the young regeneration-competent killifish telencephalon, combined with the evidence for aging-related transcriptomic changes, presents a useful resource to understand the molecular basis of age-dependent neuroplasticity. This data is also available through an online database (killifishbrain_scseq).