Legibility of variable message signs on foggy highway: Effect of text color and spacing

Variable message signs are frequently utilized as highway communication facilities to inform vehicles about the state of the roads and the weather. However, standards and design specifications for variable message signs are unclear. This study examines the effect of the own factors and environmental factors on the legibility of variable message signs in order to optimize the design of variable message signs on highways. Three font colors (green, red, and yellow) and three levels of word spacing (0.1H, 0.3H, and 0.5H) were chosen for the variable message signs. For the environmental factors, three different weather types were represented according to visibility, namely sunny (visibility 10,000 m), light fog (visibility = 1000), and heavy fog (visibility = 200). The legibility time and distance were recorded for 23 participants, and then the legibility of the variable message signs was analyzed. The results showed that own factors and environmental factors influenced the legibility of the variable message signs. Experiment 1 results showed that the legibility of the variable message signs was the best when the text was yellow in light fog weather conditions. Experiment 2 results showed that the legibility of the variable message signs was better than other experimental scenarios in light fog conditions with a 0.3H word spacing. The findings of this study will be used by relevant agencies to establish design guidelines for variable message signs.