The use of oral human immunodeficiency virus pre-exposure prophylaxis in pregnant and lactating women in sub-Saharan Africa: considerations, barriers, and recommendations

In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), 63% of new human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections in 2021 were among women, particularly adolescent girls, and young women. There is a high incidence of HIV among pregnant and lactating women (PLW) in SSA. It is estimated that the risk of HIV-acquisition during pregnancy and the postpartum period more than doubles. In this article, we discuss the safety and effectiveness of drugs used for oral HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), considerations for initiating PrEP in PLW, the barriers to initiating and adhering to PrEP among them and suggest recommendations to address these barriers. Tenofovir/emtricitabine, the most widely used combination in SSA, is safe, clinically effective, and cost-effective among PLW. Any PLW who requests PrEP and has no medical contraindications should receive it. PrEP users who are pregnant or lactating may experience barriers to starting and adhering for a variety of reasons, including personal, pill-related, and healthcare facility-related issues. To address the barriers, we recommend an increased provision of information on PrEP to the women and the communities, increasing and/or facilitating access to PrEP among the PLW, and developing strategies to increase adherence.