Internal solitary wave in the Lombok Strait: Satellite-observed spatiotemporal characteristics and their propagations modulated by the Indonesian Throughflow

The Lombok Strait shows active large-amplitude internal solitary waves (ISWs) and is also a primary gateway for the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF), which is a critical ocean current affecting the ocean ecosystem. This study collected 858 satellite images from 2018 to 2022, and ISW wave crests were extracted. Analysis shows that ISW 5-year cumulative occurrences reached the highest/ lowest of 136/28 days, with a 29 %/6 % frequency in October/ June. Satellite and reanalysis data revealed that ISW occurrence and propagation speed correlate to ITF variations. Enhanced southward ITF corresponds to less ISW occurrence and decreased/increased northward/southward ISW propagation speed. To understand how ITF modulates ISWs, three-dimensional MITgcm simulations were employed. Results show that when southward ITF decreases, ISWs tend to generate earlier/later, thus leading to a longer/shorter propagation distance for ISWs in the north/ south direction, revealing a suppressive effect on northward ISW generation.