Electronic Skin: Opportunities and Challenges in Convergence with Machine Learning.

Recent advancements in soft electronic skin (e-skin) have led to the development of human-like devices that reproduce the skin's functions and physical attributes. These devices are being explored for applications in robotic prostheses as well as for collecting biopotentials for disease diagnosis and treatment, as exemplified by biomedical e-skins. More recently, machine learning (ML) has been utilized to enhance device control accuracy and data processing efficiency. The convergence of e-skin technologies with ML is promoting their translation into clinical practice, especially in healthcare. This review highlights the latest developments in ML-reinforced e-skin devices for robotic prostheses and biomedical instrumentations. We first describe technological breakthroughs in state-of-the-art e-skin devices, emphasizing technologies that achieve skin-like properties. We then introduce ML methods adopted for control optimization and pattern recognition, followed by practical applications that converge the two technologies. Lastly, we briefly discuss the challenges this interdisciplinary research encounters in its clinical and industrial transition.