DNA encoded peptide library for SARS-CoV-2 3CL protease covalent inhibitor discovery and profiling†

Covalent protease inhibitors serve as valuable tools for modulating protease activity and are essential for investigating the functions of protease targets. These inhibitors typically consist of a recognition motif and a covalently reactive electrophile. Substrate peptides, featuring residues capable of fitting into the substrate pockets of proteases, undergo chemical modification at the carbonyl carbon of the P1 residue with an electrophile and have been widely applied in the development of covalent inhibitors. In this study, we utilized a DNA-encoded peptide library to replicate peptide binder sequences and introduced a vinyl sulfone warhead at the C-termini to construct the DNA-encoded peptide covalent inhibitor library (DEPCIL) for targeting cysteine proteases. Screening results toward 3CL protease demonstrated the efficacy of this library, not only in identifying protease inhibitors, but also in discovering amino acids that can conform to aligned protease pockets. The identified peptide sequences provide valuable insight into the amino acid preferences within substrate binding pockets, and our novel technology is indicative of the potential for similar strategies to discover covalent inhibitors and profile binding preferences of other proteases.