Effects of Al2O3‐Cu‐H2O hybrid nanofluid with Soret and Dufour on mixed convection flow over a curved surface

Hybrid nanofluids, which have a higher effective thermal conductivity than both regular fluids and nanofluid, are essential in industrial, biomedical, and engineering applications. Blood flow via an artery is a useful application for the investigation of hybrid nanofluids (Cu and Al2O3). Graphs have been used to discuss the effects of flow elements on velocity, temperature, and concentrations where values have been tabulated. A hybrid combination made up of copper and aluminum oxide with volume percentages in the range of 0.01–0.2. The Dufour effect was lessened, the volume proportion of copper was reduced, and the heat transmission rate was successfully increased. Maximum rates of heat, mass, and skin friction transmission would result from stronger mixed convection. This significant initial study will provide engineers and scientists the knowledge on effective management of fluid flow while optimizing the connected complex systems. Before being written and solved with the help of Maple software, the flow control equations were simplified. Figures present the main findings of the study, including the influence of several physical parameters. The effects of physical factors on the flow distributions are illustrated in tables and figures. Water is employed as the basic fluid, and a combination of copper and alumina nanoparticle is used as the study material to investigate the heat and mass phenomena brought by the Dufour and Soret effect. Surface thermal efficiency is influenced by the Soret factor, whereas surface mass transfer is constrained by the Dufour effect.