A combined tectono-climatic control on Holocene sedimentation in Ladakh Himalaya, India: Clues from Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility (AMS) of lake sediments

Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility (AMS) data from a ∼27.8 m thick soft sedimentary mud sequence (∼10.5–3.25 k yrs) from the Spituk Palaeolake Sequence (SPSS) of Holocene age, located in the northern bank of the Indus River in the Leh-Ladakh Himalaya, show effects of tectonic versus climate dynamics responsible for the Himalayan sedimentation. The sedimentary sequence, consisting of alternating of aeolian sand and glacio-fluvial mud flow deposits, has been subdivided into an older Last Glacier Phase I (LGP 1) and a younger Last Glacier Phase II (LGP 2), where the termination of each phase is marked by the occurrence of gravel beds of thickness ≤1 m, which were deposited due to glacial melting. The present AMS data along with previously published information on sedimentology confirm that the mudflow deposits of the LGP 1 and LGP 2 phases were deposited in a lacustrine environment under glacio-fluvial conditions. However, a weak fluvial flow towards NW and NE could have existed for the LGP 1 and LGP 2, respectively. The glacial beds terminating LGP 1 and LGP 2 appear to have formed by climatic warming and tectonic activity, respectively. Hence, the Holocene Himalayan sedimentation was influenced by both climatic and tectonic activities. However, the thickness of the gravel bed (∼0.8 m) terminating LGP 2 occupies only ∼ 2.8 vol % of the total studied thickness ∼28 m, of the SPSS in the present study, which indicated a lesser control of tectonism in the growth of the Himalaya in and around the study area.