Jorge Escalona, Carlos M. González, Pablo N. Llanos, Jean K. Fedrigo, Valentina Benítez, Carolina Viñoles
{"title":"树木密度对桉树造林放牧系统中断奶小牛冬季捕食行为的影响","authors":"Jorge Escalona, Carlos M. González, Pablo N. Llanos, Jean K. Fedrigo, Valentina Benítez, Carolina Viñoles","doi":"10.1007/s10457-024-01016-4","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p>Silvopastoral systems combine forestry and grazing, potentially improving land use efficiency and animal welfare. However, livestock predation on trees is a challenge. To compare the predatory behavior of calves (<i>Bos taurus</i> × <i>Bos indicus</i>) grazing native grassland with different <i>Eucalyptus grandis</i> densities, 71 calves were randomly allocated at weaning (Day 0) to 3 treatments: (1) Full sun (0 trees/ha), (2) low tree density (160 trees/ha), and (3) high tree density (240 trees/ha). The live weight of the calves was measured monthly, and blood samples were collected once to evaluate serum minerals. Tree severity damage was assessed using a visual scale (0 = no damage to 4 = severe damage). Variables were analyzed using SAS mixed and proc freq procedures, being significant if <i>P</i> < 0.05. On Day 66, damage was found in 16% of trees, with significant differences (<i>P</i> < 0.05) in severe damage between low (6%) and high (3%) tree densities. Daily weight gain and serum profiles of Ca, P, K, Na, Cl, Fe and Cu were similar (<i>P</i> > 0.05) between treatments, but Cu was below reference values. At Day 66, all calves were fitted with nose plates, halting predatory behavior for 54 days. On Day 120 a second attack was observed only in high tree density (17%), most with severe damage (<i>P</i> < 0.01). Live weight, daily gain and stocking rate were similar between treatments. We concluded that weaned calves exhibited predatory behavior towards <i>E. grandis</i>, not associated with weight loss but with mild Cu deficiency. An oscillating nose plate design effectively stopped predatory behavior.</p>","PeriodicalId":7610,"journal":{"name":"Agroforestry Systems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0000,"publicationDate":"2024-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Effect of tree density on predatory behavior of weaned calves in Eucalyptus grandis silvopastoral systems during winter\",\"authors\":\"Jorge Escalona, Carlos M. González, Pablo N. Llanos, Jean K. Fedrigo, Valentina Benítez, Carolina Viñoles\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s10457-024-01016-4\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p>Silvopastoral systems combine forestry and grazing, potentially improving land use efficiency and animal welfare. However, livestock predation on trees is a challenge. To compare the predatory behavior of calves (<i>Bos taurus</i> × <i>Bos indicus</i>) grazing native grassland with different <i>Eucalyptus grandis</i> densities, 71 calves were randomly allocated at weaning (Day 0) to 3 treatments: (1) Full sun (0 trees/ha), (2) low tree density (160 trees/ha), and (3) high tree density (240 trees/ha). The live weight of the calves was measured monthly, and blood samples were collected once to evaluate serum minerals. Tree severity damage was assessed using a visual scale (0 = no damage to 4 = severe damage). Variables were analyzed using SAS mixed and proc freq procedures, being significant if <i>P</i> < 0.05. On Day 66, damage was found in 16% of trees, with significant differences (<i>P</i> < 0.05) in severe damage between low (6%) and high (3%) tree densities. Daily weight gain and serum profiles of Ca, P, K, Na, Cl, Fe and Cu were similar (<i>P</i> > 0.05) between treatments, but Cu was below reference values. At Day 66, all calves were fitted with nose plates, halting predatory behavior for 54 days. On Day 120 a second attack was observed only in high tree density (17%), most with severe damage (<i>P</i> < 0.01). Live weight, daily gain and stocking rate were similar between treatments. We concluded that weaned calves exhibited predatory behavior towards <i>E. grandis</i>, not associated with weight loss but with mild Cu deficiency. An oscillating nose plate design effectively stopped predatory behavior.</p>\",\"PeriodicalId\":7610,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Agroforestry Systems\",\"volume\":null,\"pages\":null},\"PeriodicalIF\":2.0000,\"publicationDate\":\"2024-06-25\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Agroforestry Systems\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"97\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-024-01016-4\",\"RegionNum\":3,\"RegionCategory\":\"农林科学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q2\",\"JCRName\":\"AGRONOMY\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Agroforestry Systems","FirstCategoryId":"97","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-024-01016-4","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"AGRONOMY","Score":null,"Total":0}
Effect of tree density on predatory behavior of weaned calves in Eucalyptus grandis silvopastoral systems during winter
Silvopastoral systems combine forestry and grazing, potentially improving land use efficiency and animal welfare. However, livestock predation on trees is a challenge. To compare the predatory behavior of calves (Bos taurus × Bos indicus) grazing native grassland with different Eucalyptus grandis densities, 71 calves were randomly allocated at weaning (Day 0) to 3 treatments: (1) Full sun (0 trees/ha), (2) low tree density (160 trees/ha), and (3) high tree density (240 trees/ha). The live weight of the calves was measured monthly, and blood samples were collected once to evaluate serum minerals. Tree severity damage was assessed using a visual scale (0 = no damage to 4 = severe damage). Variables were analyzed using SAS mixed and proc freq procedures, being significant if P < 0.05. On Day 66, damage was found in 16% of trees, with significant differences (P < 0.05) in severe damage between low (6%) and high (3%) tree densities. Daily weight gain and serum profiles of Ca, P, K, Na, Cl, Fe and Cu were similar (P > 0.05) between treatments, but Cu was below reference values. At Day 66, all calves were fitted with nose plates, halting predatory behavior for 54 days. On Day 120 a second attack was observed only in high tree density (17%), most with severe damage (P < 0.01). Live weight, daily gain and stocking rate were similar between treatments. We concluded that weaned calves exhibited predatory behavior towards E. grandis, not associated with weight loss but with mild Cu deficiency. An oscillating nose plate design effectively stopped predatory behavior.
期刊介绍:
Agroforestry Systems is an international scientific journal that publishes results of novel, high impact original research, critical reviews and short communications on any aspect of agroforestry. The journal particularly encourages contributions that demonstrate the role of agroforestry in providing commodity as well non-commodity benefits such as ecosystem services. Papers dealing with both biophysical and socioeconomic aspects are welcome. These include results of investigations of a fundamental or applied nature dealing with integrated systems involving trees and crops and/or livestock. Manuscripts that are purely descriptive in nature or confirmatory in nature of well-established findings, and with limited international scope are discouraged. To be acceptable for publication, the information presented must be relevant to a context wider than the specific location where the study was undertaken, and provide new insight or make a significant contribution to the agroforestry knowledge base