Optimized reversible data hiding technique based on multidirectional prediction error histogram and fluctuation-based adaptation

Reversible Data Hiding Techniques (RDH) play an increasingly pivotal role in the field of cybersecurity. Overlooking the properties of the carrier image and neglecting the influence of texture can lead to undesirable distortions and irreversible data hiding. In this paper, a novel block-based RDH technique is proposed that harnesses the relative correlation between multidirectional prediction error histograms (MPEH) and pixel fluctuation values to mitigate undesirable distortions and enable RDH, thereby ensuring heightened security and efficiency in the distribution process and improving the robustness of the block-based RDH technique. The proposed technique uses a combination of pixel fluctuation and local complexity measures to determine the best embedding locations within smooth regions based on the cumulative peak regions of the MPEH with the lowest fluctuation values. Similarly, during the extraction process, the same optimal embedding locations are identified within smooth regions. The multidirectional prediction error histograms are then used to accurately extract the hidden data from the pixels with lower fluctuation values. Overall, the experimental results highlight the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed technique in various aspects of data embedding and extraction, and demonstrate that the proposed technique outperforms other state-of-the-art RDH techniques in terms of embedding capacity, image quality, and robustness against attacks. The average Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) achieved with an embedding capacity ranging from $0.5\times 10^4$ bits to $5\times 10^4$ bits is 52.72 dB. Additionally, there are no errors in retrieving the carrier image and secret data.