Genome-wide atlas of rust resistance loci in wheat.

Rust diseases, including leaf rust, stripe/yellow rust, and stem rust, significantly impact wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yields, causing substantial economic losses every year. Breeding and deployment of cultivars with genetic resistance is the most effective and sustainable approach to control these diseases. The genetic toolkit for wheat breeders to select for rust resistance has rapidly expanded with a multitude of genetic loci identified using the latest advances in genomics, mapping and cloning strategies. The goal of this review was to establish a wheat genome atlas that provides a comprehensive summary of reported loci associated with rust resistance. Our atlas provides a summary of mapped quantitative trait loci (QTL) and characterised genes for the three rusts from 170 publications over the past two decades. A total of 920 QTL or resistance genes were positioned across the 21 chromosomes of wheat based on the latest wheat reference genome (IWGSC RefSeq v2.1). Interestingly, 26 genomic regions contained multiple rust loci suggesting they could have pleiotropic effects on two or more rust diseases. We discuss a range of strategies to exploit this wealth of genetic information to efficiently utilise sources of resistance, including genomic information to stack desirable and multiple QTL to develop wheat cultivars with enhanced resistance to rust disease.