Unveiling the “sono-physico-chemical” essence: Cavitation and vibration effects in ultrasound–assisted processes

Ultrasound-assisted processes, widely applied in cleaning, synthesis, and catalysis, exhibit significant application potential, with their impact rooted in the interplay between ultrasound and the physicochemical properties of substances. Therefore, it is emphasized here to understand these processes through a “sono-physico-chemical” angle for a deeper comprehension of reaction mechanisms and broader application. Highlighting cavitation and vibration effects, the ultrasound-assisted chemistry processes are categorized. Cavitation is emphasized for pollutant degradation, while vibration is primarily applied for inducing the piezoelectric effect. Additionally, points that are easy to be ignored in the current ultrasonic assisted catalysis process are proposed, such as synergistic index calculations, cost assessments, etc. Furthermore, the latest innovative application of ultrasonic assisted process in wastewater recycling is introduced. Finally, the review advocates for the future integration of ultrasound-assisted processes into new catalytic processes or application scenarios.