Christian Addiction: The Metaphor of Debt-Bondage in Roman Theology

What exactly is addiction? Scholars, clinicians, and addicts themselves consistently arrive at a fork in the road in their respective quests for the meaning of addiction: choice or compulsion, crime or disease? Despite these many inquiries, one important aspect of addiction’s past remains unexamined—its deep theological history. Christian theologians writing in Latin from the second to the seventeenth century used the term addiction metaphorically to describe the sinful human condition. In this article, I uncover the genesis and development of the Christian addiction metaphor in the writings of Roman theologians Tertullian, Ambrose, and Augustine. I analyze their theologies of addiction to show how the language and logic of Roman pecuniary jurisprudence structures their thinking about sin, salvation, and free will. To conclude, I suggest that the disease-crime ambivalence constitutive of our contemporary understanding of addiction originated in their oxymoronic definition of sin as both generational enslavement and willful servitude.