Conventional and unconventional shadow rates and the US state-level stock returns: Evidence from non-stationary heterogeneous panels

This study analyzes how monthly stock returns in the United States react to conventional and unconventional shadow rates from February 1994 to April 2023. The study uses a nonstationary heterogeneous panel data technique appropriate for analyzing large cross-sections and long periods. The analysis is separated into turbulent and tranquil periods. The findings suggest that, although the shadow rate is expected to align with the long-term rate, its ability to boost economic activity in the stock markets is only applicable in the short term. Despite the Federal Funds Rate (FFR) being unable to be lowered below zero bounds, the study shows results that support the effectiveness of the FFR in stimulating stock returns in the long run, particularly during crisis periods. The study also reveals that both conventional and unconventional shadow rates share a common feature, which is that they demonstrate how the stock markets can be downward-sticky in the long run with a rising shadow rate in virtually all 50 states in the U.S. The findings provide sturdy insights into the usefulness of unconventional monetary policy measures for stock market performance during crises and normal periods.