Introduction to reproducible laboratory hard x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

X-ray sources with a photon energy higher than 2140 eV are increasingly being used for routine x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) on laboratory-based instruments. This analytical approach is termed “HAXPES” (hard x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy). This article provides an overview of the current and potential future uses of laboratory-based HAXPES in comparison to routine XPS performed using Al Kα and Mg Kα x-ray sources. The standardization of XPS has occurred over 30 years and many of the procedures and reference works are specific to the use of Al Kα and Mg Kα x-ray sources. In this article, we discuss the translation of standard XPS practices to HAXPES, indicate useful resources for HAXPES users, and highlight areas where there is a need for improved information and guidance.