A Review on Formability and Damage Behavior of Powder Metallurgy Composites during Upsetting

Formability is the measure of deformity a workpiece can endure from the created stresses inside the substance before the crack event. The investigation of the formability of powder metallurgy (PM) parts plays an essential role in the metalworking industries because of their needs in engineering applications to examine the end product’s performance. In the upsetting of PM materials, the formability depends on various factors such as preform relative density, percentages of reinforcement added in the material, size of particles, the geometry of the preforms, and friction between the workpiece and the die because of their changes in the mechanical and physical properties. Also, in the compression of PM samples, the damage/fracture occurs in the outer region of the components because of a higher amount of stresses and pores that could affect the damage limit of the material. Hence, the formability and damage analysis of PM components is critical for the industrial engineer to understand the significance of the variables that could help design a suitable application process. In this regard, this review focuses on the basics of PM technique, and upsetting process, formability, and damage characteristics of PM materials and methods to improve the formability and fracture behavior of PM components in the upsetting process are stated clearly.