胎次、出生季节和性别对 F1 大白猪 × 兰德猪窝内变异和断奶前性能的影响

Nqobile Lungile Buthelezi, B. Mtileni, K. Nephawe, Mamokoma Cathrine Modiba, Hezekiel Mpedi, P. Idowu, T. J. Mpofu
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The study aimed to evaluate the impact of parity, season of birth, and sex on within-litter variation and pre-weaning performance of F1 Large White × Landrace pigs. \n\nMaterials and Methods: Information regarding total litter size, number of born alive, number of stillbirths, piglet weight at birth, mortality, and count of weaned F1 Large White × Landrace piglets was acquired from the farm database (April 2022–February 2023). 2602 females and 2882 males, a total of 5484 piglets were utilized, with records from 360 sows. The coefficient of variation (CV) of birth weights among piglets within a litter was calculated. The general linear model analysis in MiniTab 17 was used to evaluate the data, with Fisher’s least significant difference test (p < 0.05) used for mean separation and Pearson’s moment correlation coefficient calculated to assess relationships between survival rates, mortality rates, litter size, birth weight, and birth weight CV. \n\nResults: Parity had a statistically significant impact on litter size, birth weight, and survival rate (p < 0.05). The sow’s parity did not significantly (p > 0.05) impact the number of piglets born alive or weaned. Multiparous sows had a significantly larger litter size (p < 0.05) than primiparous sows at birth. The litter weights for parities 2, 4, and 5 did not significantly differ (p > 0.05), with averages of 20.95, 20.74, and 20.03 kg, respectively. About 91.29% was the highest survival rate recorded in parity 2 (p < 0.05). The 1st week of life recorded an 8.02% mortality rate. The mortality rate in parity 3–5 group was significantly (p < 0.05) higher (11.90%) in week 1 than in the other groups (parity 1: 6.79%, parity 2: 5.74%, parity 3–5: 8.54 and 9.21%). The litter sizes in autumn (17.34) and spring (17.72) were significantly larger (p < 0.05) than those in summer (16.47) and winter (16.83). In autumn and spring, the survival rate (83.15 and 85.84%, respectively) was significantly lower (p < 0.05) compared to summer (88.40%) and winter (89.07%). In all seasons, the litter weights did not significantly differ (p > 0.05). The birth weight CV was significantly (p < 0.05) lower during summer (20.11%) than during spring (22.43%), autumn (23.71%), and winter (21.69%). The season of birth had no significant effect (p > 0.05) on the number of live piglets. Males (1.34 kg) were heavier (p < 0.05) than females (1.30 kg) at birth. Notably, the birth weight CV was similar between males (22.43%) and females (22.52%). Litter size was positively correlated with average litter weight (rp = 0.576, p < 0.001), birth weight CV (rp = 0.244, p < 0.001), and mortality rate (rp = 0.378, p < 0.001). An insignificant relationship was observed between average litter weight and birth weight CV (rp = –0.028, p > 0.05) and survival rate (rp = –0.032, p > 0.05). \n\nConclusion: In F1 Large White × Landrace pigs, birth uniformity among piglets declines as litter size grows larger. In parity 3–5, multiparous sows yield litters with reduced uniformity. With an increase in litter size, uniformity among piglets at birth worsens. A larger litter size and greater piglet birth weight variation are linked to a higher pre-weaning mortality rate. 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引用次数: 0

摘要

背景和目的:仔猪断奶前的表现对养猪生产中的动物福利和盈利能力都有重大影响。了解仔猪断奶前性能的影响因素是提高动物福利、减少损失和提高盈利能力的关键。本研究旨在评估胎次、出生季节和性别对 F1 大白×陆地猪的窝内变异和断奶前性能的影响。材料和方法:从猪场数据库(2022 年 4 月至 2023 年 2 月)中获取有关窝产仔数、活产仔数、死胎数、仔猪出生体重、死亡率和断奶 F1 大白×兰德拉特仔猪数的信息。其中雌性 2602 头,雄性 2882 头,共计 5484 头仔猪,记录来自 360 头母猪。计算了一窝仔猪出生体重的变异系数(CV)。使用 MiniTab 17 中的一般线性模型分析来评估数据,使用费舍尔最小显著性差异检验(P < 0.05)来区分平均值,并计算皮尔逊矩相关系数来评估存活率、死亡率、窝产仔数、出生体重和出生体重变异系数之间的关系。结果胎次对窝产仔数、出生体重和存活率有显著的统计学影响(P < 0.05)。母猪的胎次对成活仔猪数和断奶仔猪数没有明显影响(p > 0.05)。多胎母猪的产仔数明显大于初产母猪(p < 0.05)。第 2、4 和 5 胎的窝重差异不大(p > 0.05),平均值分别为 20.95、20.74 和 20.03 千克。第 2 胎的成活率最高,约为 91.29%(p < 0.05)。出生后第一周的死亡率为 8.02%。3-5龄组在第1周的死亡率(11.90%)明显高于其他组别(1龄:6.79%;2龄:5.74%;3-5龄:8.54%和9.21%)(p < 0.05)。秋季(17.34)和春季(17.72)的窝产仔数明显大于夏季(16.47)和冬季(16.83)(p < 0.05)。秋季和春季的成活率(分别为 83.15% 和 85.84%)明显低于夏季(88.40%)和冬季(89.07%)(p < 0.05)。在所有季节中,窝重没有明显差异(p > 0.05)。出生体重 CV 在夏季(20.11%)明显低于春季(22.43%)、秋季(23.71%)和冬季(21.69%)(p < 0.05)。出生季节对活仔猪数量没有明显影响(p > 0.05)。出生时,雄性(1.34 千克)比雌性(1.30 千克)重(p < 0.05)。值得注意的是,雄性(22.43%)和雌性(22.52%)的出生体重 CV 值相似。窝产仔数与平均窝重(rp = 0.576,p < 0.001)、出生体重 CV(rp = 0.244,p < 0.001)和死亡率(rp = 0.378,p < 0.001)呈正相关。平均窝重与出生体重 CV(rp = -0.028,p > 0.05)和成活率(rp = -0.032,p > 0.05)之间的关系不显著。结论在 F1 大白×陆地猪中,仔猪出生均匀度随着窝产仔数的增加而降低。在 3-5 胎时,多胎母猪产下的仔猪均匀度降低。随着产仔数的增加,仔猪出生时的均匀度也会下降。窝产仔数越大,仔猪出生体重差异越大,断奶前死亡率就越高。生产者需要采用平衡选择的方法来提高窝产仔数,并且必须谨慎淘汰老龄母猪,以引进更年轻、更高产的雌性母猪。关键词:出生体重变异系数、成活率、猪生产、断奶前死亡率、存活率。
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Effects of parity, season of birth, and sex on within-litter variation and pre-weaning performance of F1 Large White × Landrace pigs
Background and Aim: A piglet’s pre-weaning performance significantly influences both animal welfare and profitability in pig production. Understanding piglet pre-weaning performance influencing factors is key to enhancing animal welfare, reducing losses, and boosting profitability. The study aimed to evaluate the impact of parity, season of birth, and sex on within-litter variation and pre-weaning performance of F1 Large White × Landrace pigs. Materials and Methods: Information regarding total litter size, number of born alive, number of stillbirths, piglet weight at birth, mortality, and count of weaned F1 Large White × Landrace piglets was acquired from the farm database (April 2022–February 2023). 2602 females and 2882 males, a total of 5484 piglets were utilized, with records from 360 sows. The coefficient of variation (CV) of birth weights among piglets within a litter was calculated. The general linear model analysis in MiniTab 17 was used to evaluate the data, with Fisher’s least significant difference test (p < 0.05) used for mean separation and Pearson’s moment correlation coefficient calculated to assess relationships between survival rates, mortality rates, litter size, birth weight, and birth weight CV. Results: Parity had a statistically significant impact on litter size, birth weight, and survival rate (p < 0.05). The sow’s parity did not significantly (p > 0.05) impact the number of piglets born alive or weaned. Multiparous sows had a significantly larger litter size (p < 0.05) than primiparous sows at birth. The litter weights for parities 2, 4, and 5 did not significantly differ (p > 0.05), with averages of 20.95, 20.74, and 20.03 kg, respectively. About 91.29% was the highest survival rate recorded in parity 2 (p < 0.05). The 1st week of life recorded an 8.02% mortality rate. The mortality rate in parity 3–5 group was significantly (p < 0.05) higher (11.90%) in week 1 than in the other groups (parity 1: 6.79%, parity 2: 5.74%, parity 3–5: 8.54 and 9.21%). The litter sizes in autumn (17.34) and spring (17.72) were significantly larger (p < 0.05) than those in summer (16.47) and winter (16.83). In autumn and spring, the survival rate (83.15 and 85.84%, respectively) was significantly lower (p < 0.05) compared to summer (88.40%) and winter (89.07%). In all seasons, the litter weights did not significantly differ (p > 0.05). The birth weight CV was significantly (p < 0.05) lower during summer (20.11%) than during spring (22.43%), autumn (23.71%), and winter (21.69%). The season of birth had no significant effect (p > 0.05) on the number of live piglets. Males (1.34 kg) were heavier (p < 0.05) than females (1.30 kg) at birth. Notably, the birth weight CV was similar between males (22.43%) and females (22.52%). Litter size was positively correlated with average litter weight (rp = 0.576, p < 0.001), birth weight CV (rp = 0.244, p < 0.001), and mortality rate (rp = 0.378, p < 0.001). An insignificant relationship was observed between average litter weight and birth weight CV (rp = –0.028, p > 0.05) and survival rate (rp = –0.032, p > 0.05). Conclusion: In F1 Large White × Landrace pigs, birth uniformity among piglets declines as litter size grows larger. In parity 3–5, multiparous sows yield litters with reduced uniformity. With an increase in litter size, uniformity among piglets at birth worsens. A larger litter size and greater piglet birth weight variation are linked to a higher pre-weaning mortality rate. Producers need a balanced selection approach to boost litter size and must cull aging sows carefully to introduce younger, more productive females. Keywords: birth weight coefficient of variation, born alive, pig production, pre-weaning mortality, survival rate.
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