Correlation between the optimal screening for prediction of referral and outcome yellow flag tool and patient-reported legacy outcome measures in patients undergoing shoulder surgery

Background

The Optimal Screening for Prediction of Referral and Outcome Yellow Flag (OSPRO-YF) Tool is a 10-item multidimensional screening tool utilized to evaluate pain-related psychological traits in individuals with musculoskeletal pain conditions. The validity of postoperatively collected OSPRO-YF is unclear. This study sought to assess validity of the OSPRO-YF by comparing it to patient-reported outcome scores in both preoperative and postoperative settings.

Hypothesis

The authors hypothesized that OSPRO-YF overall score would correlate with shoulder and global function PROs at preoperative and postoperative timepoints.

Methods

A review of 101 patients undergoing shoulder surgery by one sports medicine orthopedic surgeon at a large academic institution was conducted. 90 and 54 patients had complete preoperative and postoperative patient-reported outcome responses. OSPRO-YF, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) Evaluation Form, and Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Computer Adaptive Test (PROMIS-CAT) were routinely administered before and after surgery at the senior author’s clinic visits. Concurrent validity of OSPRO-YF at either timepoint was assessed by comparing scores with PROs cross-sectionally using Pearson correlations and multiple comparison corrections.

Results

Preoperatively, higher OSPRO-YF total score was associated with greater concurrent PROMIS-CAT Pain Interference (r = 0.43; P < .01) and Depression (r = 0.36; P = .05) and lower ASES (r = −0.34; P < .01). Higher postoperative OSPRO-YF was also associated with greater concurrent PROMIS-CAT Pain Interference (r = 0.43; P < .01) and Depression (r = 0.36; P < .01) and lower ASES (r = −0.34; P = .01). ASES had strong correlation with Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation and Pain scores at both preoperative and postoperative timepoints. Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation was not significantly associated with OSPRO-YF total score or number of yellow flags at either timepoints.

Conclusion

The study findings support the clinical validity of the 10-item OSPRO-YF tool when administered before or after shoulder surgery. For patients exhibiting suboptimal recovery or those identified as high risk at initial screening, assessment of pain-related psychological distress postoperatively may be particularly beneficial in guiding rehabilitation.