The pudendal syndrome: A photo essay of nerve compression damage visualized at neurolysis in patients with chronic neuropathic pelvic pain.

Aims: (1) To use intraoperative photographs to visualize and explain pudendal nerve compressions and anatomical variations of compression sites in patients with chronic pelvic pain. (2) To emphasize the diagnostic importance of sensory examination with a safety pin at the six pudendal nerve branches in all patients with chronic pelvic pain; the dorsal nerves (penis or clitoris; the perineal nerves; and the inferior rectal nerves).

Methods: Between 2003 and 2014, "definite" pudendal neuropathy was diagnosed by examination and with two neurophysiologic tests. Neurolysis, via a transgluteal approach, was recommended only after 14 weeks of conservative care failed to adequately improve symptoms and validated symptom scores. Photographs of surgical findings were culled for their educational impact. An illustration of each photo clarifies the surgical anatomy.

Results: The transgluteal incision permits access to pudendal anatomy and compression sites from the subpiriformis area through the interligamentary space and the pudendal canal (Alcock canal). Compressions were acquired or congenital and severity varied significantly. Pinprick sensory testing diagnoses pudendal neuropathy in 92% of both genders. Mid-nerve compression occurred commonly between the sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments less frequently in the Alcock canal, but also at aberrant pathways, for example, between layers of the sacrotuberous ligament; a separate inferior rectal nerve passing through the sacrospinous ligament; at an anomalous lateral pathway posterior to the ischial spine. The results of international surgeons are discussed.

Conclusions: Decompression surgery was recommended in approximately 35% of patients in this practice, when pudendal neuropathy (pudendal syndrome), did not respond to two conservative levels of treatment: (1) nerve protection and medications and, (2) a series of three pudendal nerve perineural injections given at 4-week intervals. Significant nerve compression is consistently observed. Pathophysiology includes axonopathy from ischemia and demyelination. Neuropathy is readily diagnosed using a pinprick sensory examination of six pudendal nerve branches. Monitoring with the National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index records cures >13 years.