Comparative genomics of IncQ1 plasmids carrying blaGES variants from clinical and environmental sources in Brazil

IncQ-type plasmids have become important vectors in the dissemination of bla_GES among different bacterial genera and species from different environments around the world, and studies estimating the occurrence of Guiana extended-spectrum (GES)-type β-lactamases are gaining prominence. We analyzed the genetic aspects of two IncQ1 plasmids harboring different bla_GES variants from human and environmental sources. The bla_GES variants were identified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in Aeromonas veronii isolated from hospital effluent and Klebsiella variicola isolated from a rectal swab of a patient admitted to the cardiovascular intensive care unit in a different hospital. Antimicrobial-susceptibility testing and transformation experiments were performed for phenotypic analysis. Whole-genome sequencing was performed using Illumina and Oxford Nanopore platforms. The comparative analysis of plasmids was performed using BLASTn, and the IncQ1 plasmids showed a high identity and similar size. A. veronii harbored bla_GES-7 in a class 1 integron (In2061), recently described by our group, and K. variicola carried bla_GES-5 in the known class 1 integron. Both integrons showed a fused gene cassette that encodes resistance to aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones, with an IS6100 truncating the 3′-conserved segment. The fused genes are transcribed together, although the attC site is disrupted. These gene cassettes can no longer be mobilized. This study revealed a mobilome that may contribute to the dissemination of GES-type β-lactamases in Brazil. Class 1 integrons are hot spots for bacterial evolution, and their insertion into small IncQ-like plasmids displayed successful recombination, allowing the spread of bla_GES variants in various environments. Therefore, they can become prevalent across clinically relevant pathogens.