Fatal posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome after blood transfusion in a patient with myelodysplastic syndromes.

Background: Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is known as a transfusion-related complication with typically favorable prognosis and no report fatalities. Pathological evaluation of PRES is also scarce.

Case report: An 88-year-old female with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) attended our hospital because of a compression fracture and chronic heart failure with chronic anemia. While her hemoglobin levels improved from 4.6 to 8.0 g/dL and the pleural effusions substantially decreased following six units of red blood cell transfusion and diuretic therapy, a gradual decline in cognitive function and speech reduction was noted. PRES was diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging of the head. Despite treatment of intensive supportive care, the patient fell into a coma by the 20th day and passed away on the 22nd day. Although the pathophysiological link between blood-transfusion-related PRES and its impact on survival is not fully understood, autopsy findings confirmed the diagnosis of PRES and revealed multiple cerebral hemorrhages that were not detected in earlier imaging studies.

Conclusion: This case highlights the importance of vigilant monitoring and management of PRES, especially in high-risk populations such as elderly patients with multiple comorbidities or those with thrombocytopenia. Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms of PRES in patients with hematologic diseases.