Technological advancements in deciphering RNA-RNA interactions

RNA-RNA interactions (RRIs) can dictate RNA molecules to form intricate higher-order structures and bind their RNA substrates in diverse biological processes. To elucidate the function, binding specificity, and regulatory mechanisms of various RNA molecules, especially the vast repertoire of non-coding RNAs, advanced technologies and methods that globally map RRIs are extremely valuable. In the past decades, many state-of-the-art technologies have been developed for this purpose. This review focuses on those high-throughput technologies for the global mapping of RRIs. We summarize the key concepts and the pros and cons of different technologies. In addition, we highlight the novel biological insights uncovered by these RRI mapping methods and discuss the future challenges for appreciating the crucial roles of RRIs in gene regulation across bacteria, viruses, archaea, and mammals.