在热带城市中,雏鸟在巢箱内是否会受到热应力的影响?

Alberto Stefano Salgado-Amezcua, José Leonel Molina Valladares, M. Salinas-Melgoza, Vicente Salinas-Melgoza, Alejandro Salinas Melgoza
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摘要

城市地区的热环境可能对初生雏鸟构成挑战,尤其是在早期发育阶段。我们的目的是评估贝氏鹪鹩(Thryomanes bewickii)雏鸟在发育早期和晚期是否在巢箱中经历过热应激。我们通过测量来自三个巢的五只雏鸟的泄殖腔体温来确定雏鸟的体温调节设定点(热中性范围),从孵化到雏鸟羽化,每隔一天测量一次。我们还让雏鸟从第5天开始接受热挑战,以确定内热年龄。我们使用数据记录器测定了三个巢箱内外的热环境,并利用三维打印模型获得了巢箱内雏鸟早期和晚期发育阶段的工作温度。巢箱内的环境温度全天都在波动,晚上天刚亮时较冷(最低温度范围:10.4°C - 10.8°C),下午较热(最高温度范围:25.8°C - 28.3°C)。然而,巢箱中的温度并没有达到室外的极端高温和极端低温,而且夜间温度更高。雏鸟在孵化后9±2.3天达到内热年龄,体温高于巢箱中的环境温度,显示出体温中性范围。巢箱中模型的工作温度紧随环境温度,低于雏鸟的热中性范围。因此,如果父母在雏鸟离巢觅食时没有提供额外的缓冲,雏鸟可能会受到热应激。尽管巢箱为热带城市的筑巢鸟类提供的热效益有限,但在天然巢穴有限的情况下,巢箱仍能提供宝贵的筑巢和栖息场所。
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Do Bewick´s Wren (Thryomanes bewickii) nestlings experience thermal stress in nest-boxes in a tropical urban city?
Urban areas present thermal environments that may be challenging for altricial nestlings, particularly in early development. We aimed to evaluate whether altricial Bewick's Wren (Thryomanes bewickii) nestlings experienced thermal stress in the nest-box during the early- and late-developmental stages. We determined the thermoregulatory set point (thermoneutral range) of nestlings by measuring cloacal body temperature of five nestlings from three nests, every other day from hatching until they fledged. We also exposed nestlings to a thermal challenge from day 5 to determine the age of endothermy. We used dataloggers to determine the thermal environment inside and outside of three nest-boxes, and obtained the operative temperature for nestlings in the nest-box using 3D-printed models corresponding to early- and late-developmental stages. Ambient temperatures inside the nest box fluctuated throughout the day, being colder at night just before day-break (min range: 10.4°C – 10.8°C), and hotter in the afternoon (max range: 25.8°C - 28.3°C). However, temperatures in the nest-box did not reach the extreme high and low outside temperatures, and were warmer at night. Nestlings reached age of endothermy at 9 ± 2.3 days after hatching, and showed a thermoneutral range of body temperature above ambient temperatures in the nest-box. Operative temperatures of models in the nest-box closely followed ambient temperatures, and were below nestlings´ thermoneutral range. Therefore, nestlings could experience thermal stress when parents do not provide additional buffering while off the nest for foraging. Although nest-boxes provide limited thermal benefits for nesting birds in tropical cities, they still provide valuable nesting and roosting sites where natural cavities are limited in availability.
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