Electrode materials for calcium batteries: Future directions and perspectives

Despite the prevailing dominance of lithium-ion batteries in consumer electronics and electric vehicle markets, the growing apprehension over lithium availability has ignited a quest for alternative high-energy-density electrochemical energy storage systems. Rechargeable batteries featuring calcium (Ca) metal as negative electrodes (anodes) present compelling prospects, promising notable advantages in energy density, cost-effectiveness, and safety. However, unlocking the full potential of rechargeable Ca metal batteries particularly hinges upon the strategic identification or design of high-energy-density positive electrode (cathode) materials. This imperative task demands expeditious synthetic routes tailored for their meticulous design. In this Perspective, we mainly highlight the development in the cathode materials for calcium batteries and accentuate the unparalleled promise of solid-state metathesis routes in designing a diverse array of high-performance electrode materials.