Interannual variability of the occurrence frequency of the stronger Kunming quasi-stationary front in winter

Using ERA5 reanalysis data, this study explores the interannual variability of the occurrence frequency of the stronger Kunming quasi-stationary front during in winter over the period 1980–2021 and the main causes of the variability. The results indicate that the occurrence frequency is significantly modulated on interannual timescales by southwesterly anomalies over the warmer region west of 103° E and northeasterly anomalies over the colder region east of 106° E. When the stronger southwesterly anomalies over the warmer region are comparable with stronger northeasterly anomalies over the colder region, the inhomogeneities of horizontal convergence and diabatic heating are strengthened near the frontal zone. This anomalous circulation causes a higher-than-normal occurrence frequency of the stronger Kunming quasi-stationary front in winter. The East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) and circumglobal teleconnection (CGT) are the two most important controls on the interannual variability of the occurrence frequency of the stronger Kunming quasi-stationary front. Both the CGT and EAWM modulate the inhomogeneities of horizontal convergence and diabatic heating on the west flank of the front, and the EAWM further regulates diabatic heating over the east flank of the front.