Demography and natural history of the damselfly Mesamphiagrion gaudiimontanum (Coenagrionidae), a Páramo endemic species in the Colombian Andes

The páramos are high mountain ecosystems in the tropical regions of the New World, and they are particularly threatened by climate change. The Belmira páramo complex in Colombia is home to Mesamphiagrion gaudiimontanum, an endemic and endangered damselfly species. This study presents the first demographic assessment of M. gaudii­montanum using the capture-recapture method to estimate population size, survival, and detection probabilities, focusing on differences in age, sex, female color morphs, and parasite infestation. The population size was estimated to be 730 ± 186.59 individuals, with an average survival probability of 0.89 ± 0.04 and a life expectancy of 8.34 days, these data are like the reported for other populations in the same genus in harsh environmental conditions. Ectoparasitic mites were more common on juveniles than adults. After several hours of observing the species few copula events have been recorded, all of them involving juvenile adult females, which points to a monandrous reproduction syndrome for the species. Another phenomenon observed in the species was a change in coloration due to body temperature in individuals, in which bright coloration becomes grayish in cold weather. This study provides fundamental data for future monitoring and conservation efforts, highlighting the species’ vulnerability to environmental changes and the need for specific conservation strategies.