Impact of Micronutrients on Cardiovascular Health: A Review Article

Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) account for 31% of global mortality, with major contributors including heart attacks and strokes. The development of CVD is influenced by a combination of dietary, lifestyle, and genetic factors. Objective: The review aimed to clarify the benefits and potential risks associated with micronutrient supplementation, including vitamins and minerals, in the context of CVD prevention and management and modulating risk factors associated with CVD. Methods: We searched Google Scholar, Science Direct, PubMed and other online databases for vitamins and minerals supplementation and their impact on cardiovascular health. The authors also reviewed references from pertinent literature, however only the most recent or comprehensive studies from 2010 to February 2023 were included. Documents in languages other than English were disqualified due to lack of translation-related sources. Papers such as unpublished manuscripts, oral presentations, conference abstracts, and dissertations that were not part of larger scientific studies were excluded. Conclusion: Micronutrients play significant roles in cardiovascular health through mechanisms involving inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial function. While certain micronutrients, such as calcium, zinc, vitamin D, and selenium, show promise in supporting cardiovascular health, excessive levels may pose risks. Supplementation with folic acid and B vitamins has been associated with reduced stroke risk, whereas niacin and antioxidants may increase all-cause mortality risk. The evidence does not support the routine use of vitamin supplements for reducing cardiovascular risk, highlighting the need for balanced micronutrient intake through diet rather than supplementation.