Excessive cleavage of von Willebrand factor multimers by ADAMTS13 may predict the progression of transplant-associated thrombotic microangiopathy

Background

Transplant-associated thrombotic microangiopathy (TA-TMA) is a fatal complication of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and is characterized by severe thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia, and organ dysfunction. In response to several possible triggers, dynamic multimetric change in von Willebrand factor (VWF) may contribute to inducing microthrombi in circulation in TA-TMA.

Objectives

By performing VWF multimer analysis and measuring VWF-degradation product (DP), we unraveled the relationship between multimeric changes in circulating VWF and the pathogenesis of TA-TMA.

Methods

This study analyzed 135 plasma samples from 14 patients who underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation at a single institute. VWF-associated markers, namely VWF:antigen (VWF:Ag), VWF-DP/VWF:Ag ratio, VWF:ristocetin cofactor activity, VWF:ristocetin cofactor activity/VWF:Ag ratio, and ADAMTS13 activity, were analyzed in these samples collected every 7 days.

Results

There were 2 patients with definite thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) and 6 patients who presented with probable TMA that did not progress to definite TMA. Each plasma sample was classified into 3 groups: definite TMA, probable TMA, and non-TMA. VWF multimer analysis showed the absence of high-molecular-weight VWF multimers in probable TMA, whereas the appearance of unusually large VWF multimers was observed in definite TMA. The median value of the VWF-DP/VWF:Ag ratio in probable TMA was elevated to 4.17, suggesting that excessive cleavage of VWF multimers by VWF cleaving enzyme, ADAMTS13, resulted in the loss of high-molecular-weight VWF multimers.

Conclusion

During the transition from probable to definite TMA, drastic VWF multimer changes imply a switch from bleeding to thrombotic tendencies. Extensive VWF-DP and VWF multimer analyses provided novel insights.