Anxiety in the family: A five-wave random-intercept cross-lagged panel analysis of dynamic reciprocal associations between father, mother, and child anxiety.

This five-wave longitudinal study examined the between- and within-family dynamic associations between father, mother, and child anxiety and the moderating effects of child gender in Chinese culture. Five hundred and twenty-two father-mother dyads of children (59% boys; M_age T₁ = 8.34 years) completed measures of father, mother, and child anxiety at five time points, 6 months apart. Between-family associations suggested that children whose parents had more anxiety symptoms showed higher anxiety levels, and mothers or fathers whose partners had more anxiety symptoms showed higher anxiety levels. At the within-family level, after periods with higher child anxiety symptoms, mothers reported higher anxiety symptoms and vice versa. However, no reciprocal associations were found between father and child anxiety and between father and mother anxiety. Finally, the associations between father, mother, and child anxiety did not differ across boys and girls. Our findings highlight the importance of distinguishing among between-family and within-family associations and help to develop effective programs to prevent anxiety disorders in families.