The State-of-the-Art Review on Wind and Photovoltaic Solar Hybrid Renewable Energy and Its Impending Potential in Eastern and Southern Africa

Hybrid renewable energy, combining wind and solar sources, is crucial globally, notably in Africa, addressing electricity shortages and complementing each other's performance. However, both sources are intermittent, challenging grids without sufficient storage capacity. Many countries invest in these systems for sustainable electricity, especially in rural Africa. This paper reviews Photovoltaic solar and wind hybrid systems, analysing integration, opportunities, and technologies for enhanced energy output. It examines design, technologies, and policies from the last decade, with case studies from Kenya, South Africa, and China, and forecasts developments in Southern and Eastern Africa.