Wireless Continuous Glucose Monitoring Using V-Band Circularly Polarized Directive Antenna Arrays in a Transmit/Receive System

This article discusses the design of circularly polarized V-band antenna arrays for continuous and wireless blood glucose monitoring. The proposed system is designed to be integrated into earrings to sense glucose variations at a distance and without physical contact with the sensed area. Sensing occurs when one antenna array transmits its radiated beam across the neck veins to be received by a second antenna array integrated into a second earring on the other side of the neck. The analysis of received signals versus transmitted signals using machine learning algorithms enables this system to track glucose variation in blood instantaneously with great fidelity. Experiments executed on fetal bovine serum (FBS) solutions and in vivo experiments on animal models demonstrate high accuracy in the ability of the proposed antenna array system to continuously track glucose concentrations across the diabetic range [30–500 mg/dl]. Furthermore, executed clinical studies reveal an accuracy of 94.82% in continuously monitoring glucose variations.