An integrated analysis framework of supply, demand, flow, and use to better understand realized ecosystem services

Realized ecosystem services (ES) are the actual use of ES by societies, which is more directly linked to human well-being than potential ES. However, a general analysis framework is lacking to understand how much ES was realized. In this study, we first proposed a Supply-Demand-Flow-Use (SDFU) framework that integrates the supply, demand, flow, and use of ES and differentiates these concepts into different aspects (e.g., potential vs. actual ES demand, export and import flows of supply, etc.). Then, we applied the framework to two examples of ES that can be found in typical urban green parks (i.e., pollination and recreation). We showed how the framework could assess the actual use of ES and identify the supply-limited, demand-limited, and supply–demand-balanced types of realized ES. We also explained the scaling features, discussed the temporal dynamics and spatial characteristics of realized ES, and asked several critical questions for future studies. Although facing challenges, we believe that the applications of the SDFU framework can provide a systematic way to accurately assess the actual use of ES and better inform policy-making for the sustainable use of nature’s benefits. Therefore, we hope our study will stimulate more research on realized ES and contribute to a deeper understanding of their roles in enhancing human well-being.