Toroidal modified Miller-Turner CME model in EUHFORIA: II. Validation and comparison with flux rope and spheromak

Rising concerns about the impact of space weather-related disruptions demand modelling and reliable forecasting of coronal mass ejection (CME) impacts. In this study, we demonstrate the application of the modified Miller-Turner (mMT) model implemented in EUropean Heliospheric FORecasting Information Asset (EUHFORIA), to forecast the geo-effectiveness of observed coronal mass ejection (CME) events in the heliosphere. The goal is to develop a model that not only has a global geometry to improve overall forecasting but is also fast enough for operational space weather forecasting. We test the original full torus implementation and introduce a new three-fourth Torus version called the Horseshoe CME model. This new model has a more realistic CME geometry, and it overcomes the inaccuracies of the full torus geometry. We constrain the torus geometrical and magnetic field parameters using observed signatures of the CMEs before, during, and after the eruption. The assessment of the model's capability to predict the most important Bz component is performed using the advanced Dynamic Time Warping technique. The Horseshoe model prediction of CME arrival time and geo-effectiveness for both validation events compare well to the observations and are weighed with the results obtained with the spheromak and FRi3D models that were already available in EUHFORIA. The runtime of the Horseshoe model simulations is close to that of the spheromak model, which is suitable for operational space weather forecasting. Yet, the capability of the magnetic field prediction at 1~AU of the Horseshoe model is close to that of the FRi3D model. In addition, we demonstrate that the Horseshoe CME model can be used for simulating successive CMEs in EUHFORIA, overcoming a limitation of the FRi3D model.