Investigating the association between symptoms and functional activity in brain regions in schizophrenia: A cross-sectional fmri-based neuroimaging study

Schizophrenia is a persistent neurological disorder profoundly affecting cognitive, emotional, and behavioral functions, prominently characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disordered speech, and abnormal motor activity. These symptoms often present diagnostic challenges due to their overlap with other forms of psychosis. Therefore, the implementation of automated diagnostic methodologies is imperative. This research leverages Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), a neuroimaging modality capable of delineating functional activations across diverse brain regions. Furthermore, the utilization of evolving machine learning techniques for fMRI data analysis has significantly progressive. Here, our study stands as a novel attempt, focusing on the comprehensive assessment of both classical and atypical symptoms of schizophrenia. We aim to uncover associated changes in brain functional activity. Our study encompasses two distinct fMRI datasets (1.5T and 3T), each comprising 34 schizophrenia patients for the 1.5T dataset and 25 schizophrenia patients for the 3T dataset, along with an equal number of healthy controls. Machine learning algorithms are applied to assess data subsets, enabling an in-depth evaluation of the current functional condition concerning symptom impact. The identified voxels contribute to determining the brain regions most influenced by each symptom, as quantified by symptom intensity. This rigorous approach has yielded various new findings while maintaining an impressive classification accuracy rate of 97 %. By elucidating variations in activation patterns across multiple brain regions in individuals with schizophrenia, this study contributes to the understanding of functional brain changes associated with the disorder. The insights gained may inform differential clinical interventions and provide a means of assessing symptom severity accurately, offering new avenues for the management of schizophrenia.