Cue-based two factor authentication

With the increasing usage of cameras, the threat from video attacks has greatly increased in recent years in addition to shoulder surfing. Many organizations have implemented two-factor authentication to enhance security. However, attackers can still steal users' usernames and passwords from two-factor authentication through video attack or shoulder surfing and applied the credential stuffing attack, as most people use the same passwords on different applications. Cue-based authentication provides high protection against shoulder surfing attacks, but it remains vulnerable to video attacks. To mitigate the threats of video attacks, we propose cue-based two-factor authentication (i.e., Cue-2FA), which is distinct from other methods by separating cue display from response input (refer to Chapter 1). We conducted two user studies to compare the usability and security between Cue-2FA and a standard Time-based-One-Time-Password two-factor authentication (i.e., TOTP-2FA). The evaluate results revealed Cue-2FA provides both higher usability and stronger resistance to the shoulder surfing attack. However, when both the cue and response are recorded, Cue-2FA is not more resistant to the video attack than TOTP-2FA. To address this issue, we introduced misleading operations to Cue-2FA when inputting a response, which significantly improves the resistance to the video attack.