Development and validation of the Italian version of the pain attitudes and beliefs scale-musculoskeletal (PABS-MSK) among physiotherapists working with patients with musculoskeletal chronic pain

Background

Due to their high prevalence, long-term disability, work absenteeism, and low productivity capacity they often lead to, nociplastic and chronic pain are a major public health and social concern. Although high-level literature recommends the Biopsychosocial model, the traditional Biomedical approach is still very diffuse in clinical practise. It is recognized that the beliefs and attitudes of clinicians have an impact on those of patients. The Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was used to validate the Italian version of the PABS-MSK questionnaire.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to translate the original PABS-MSK items into Italian and then assess the construct validity of the new Italian version of the PABS-MSK questionnaire, addressed to physiotherapists, to gain knowledge about physiotherapists’ attitudes and beliefs toward the management of chronic musculoskeletal pain and to correlate them with individual characteristics.

Methods

An EFA was performed to validate the modified-Italian-PABS-MSK questionnaire. Furthermore, multivariable regression models were implemented to assess any statistically significant differences in the total score of the two dimensions for sociodemographic and occupational characteristics.

Results

The sample consisted of 563 subjects who are members of the order of physiotherapists.

The Parallel Analysis suggested extracting two factors, and the EFA showed that the first scale (which we called Biopsychosocial) had higher factor loadings values, while two items (7 and 19) did not adequately represent the other scale (Biomedical).

Moreover, the regression models showed that younger and freelance clinicians are more prone to adhere to the Biopsychosocial model.

Conclusions

The modified-Italian-PABS-MSK questionnaire appears to measure two factors related to the Biopsychosocial and Biomedical beliefs of physiotherapists in the management of chronic musculoskeletal pain. The results suggest that professional training based on the evidence and recommendations of international guidelines is necessary to improve the adherence of physiotherapists to the Biopsychosocial model. However, additional studies are needed to further validate the scales, and assess the test-retest reliability, responsiveness, and construct validity.