{"title":"预混合小型发动机燃料 (SEF)：可燃液体分析、警犬检测以及配方变化讨论","authors":"Lisa Schwenk","doi":"10.1016/j.forc.2024.100604","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A variety of types and brands of pre-mixed small engine fuels (SEFs) were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) to determine their ignitable liquid composition. Additionally, many of these brands and fuel mixes were tested six years apart, first in 2018 and again in 2024, to determine if any formulation changes had occurred. All tested products were comprised of a range of isoparaffinic content, and most also contained at least one aromatic compound. One product marketed as a fuel treatment to fix ethanol-related issues contained 2-butoxyethanol. To determine Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) ignitable liquid detection canine (ILDC) response to the specific combination of ignitable liquids in these products, ILDC teams searched representative samples of the SEFs with no detection difficulty shown for the vast majority of these products. Reporting the ignitable liquid classification of SEFs would be dependent upon individual forensic science service provider (FSSP) protocols and the appearance of the ignitable liquid in casework data. The classification possibilities for these mixtures are discussed, including a case example of data resembling an SEF.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":324,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Chemistry","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 100604"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6000,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Pre-mixed small engine fuels (SEFs): Ignitable liquid analysis, canine detection, and a discussion of formulation changes\",\"authors\":\"Lisa Schwenk\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.forc.2024.100604\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<div><p>A variety of types and brands of pre-mixed small engine fuels (SEFs) were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) to determine their ignitable liquid composition. Additionally, many of these brands and fuel mixes were tested six years apart, first in 2018 and again in 2024, to determine if any formulation changes had occurred. All tested products were comprised of a range of isoparaffinic content, and most also contained at least one aromatic compound. One product marketed as a fuel treatment to fix ethanol-related issues contained 2-butoxyethanol. To determine Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) ignitable liquid detection canine (ILDC) response to the specific combination of ignitable liquids in these products, ILDC teams searched representative samples of the SEFs with no detection difficulty shown for the vast majority of these products. Reporting the ignitable liquid classification of SEFs would be dependent upon individual forensic science service provider (FSSP) protocols and the appearance of the ignitable liquid in casework data. The classification possibilities for these mixtures are discussed, including a case example of data resembling an SEF.</p></div>\",\"PeriodicalId\":324,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Forensic Chemistry\",\"volume\":\"40 \",\"pages\":\"Article 100604\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":2.6000,\"publicationDate\":\"2024-09-01\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Forensic Chemistry\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"3\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468170924000560\",\"RegionNum\":3,\"RegionCategory\":\"医学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q2\",\"JCRName\":\"CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Forensic Chemistry","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468170924000560","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
摘要
通过气相色谱-质谱法（GC-MS）分析了各种类型和品牌的预混合小型发动机燃料（SEF），以确定其可燃液体成分。此外，还对其中许多品牌和混合燃料进行了相隔六年的测试，第一次是在 2018 年，第二次是在 2024 年，以确定是否发生了任何配方变化。所有接受测试的产品都含有一定范围的异链烷烃，其中大多数还含有至少一种芳香族化合物。有一种产品在市场上被用作解决乙醇相关问题的燃料处理剂，其中含有 2-丁氧基乙醇。为了确定酒精、烟草、火器和爆炸物管理局（ATF）可燃液体探测警犬（ILDC）对这些产品中可燃液体特定组合的反应，ILDC 小组搜索了具有代表性的 SEF 样品，结果表明这些产品中的绝大多数都不存在检测困难。报告 SEF 的可燃液体分类将取决于各法医科学服务提供商 (FSSP) 的协议和案件工作数据中出现的可燃液体。本文讨论了这些混合物的分类可能性，包括一个类似 SEF 的数据案例。
Pre-mixed small engine fuels (SEFs): Ignitable liquid analysis, canine detection, and a discussion of formulation changes
A variety of types and brands of pre-mixed small engine fuels (SEFs) were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) to determine their ignitable liquid composition. Additionally, many of these brands and fuel mixes were tested six years apart, first in 2018 and again in 2024, to determine if any formulation changes had occurred. All tested products were comprised of a range of isoparaffinic content, and most also contained at least one aromatic compound. One product marketed as a fuel treatment to fix ethanol-related issues contained 2-butoxyethanol. To determine Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) ignitable liquid detection canine (ILDC) response to the specific combination of ignitable liquids in these products, ILDC teams searched representative samples of the SEFs with no detection difficulty shown for the vast majority of these products. Reporting the ignitable liquid classification of SEFs would be dependent upon individual forensic science service provider (FSSP) protocols and the appearance of the ignitable liquid in casework data. The classification possibilities for these mixtures are discussed, including a case example of data resembling an SEF.
期刊介绍：
Forensic Chemistry publishes high quality manuscripts focusing on the theory, research and application of any chemical science to forensic analysis. The scope of the journal includes fundamental advancements that result in a better understanding of the evidentiary significance derived from the physical and chemical analysis of materials. The scope of Forensic Chemistry will also include the application and or development of any molecular and atomic spectrochemical technique, electrochemical techniques, sensors, surface characterization techniques, mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance, chemometrics and statistics, and separation sciences (e.g. chromatography) that provide insight into the forensic analysis of materials. Evidential topics of interest to the journal include, but are not limited to, fingerprint analysis, drug analysis, ignitable liquid residue analysis, explosives detection and analysis, the characterization and comparison of trace evidence (glass, fibers, paints and polymers, tapes, soils and other materials), ink and paper analysis, gunshot residue analysis, synthetic pathways for drugs, toxicology and the analysis and chemistry associated with the components of fingermarks. The journal is particularly interested in receiving manuscripts that report advances in the forensic interpretation of chemical evidence. Technology Readiness Level: When submitting an article to Forensic Chemistry, all authors will be asked to self-assign a Technology Readiness Level (TRL) to their article. The purpose of the TRL system is to help readers understand the level of maturity of an idea or method, to help track the evolution of readiness of a given technique or method, and to help filter published articles by the expected ease of implementation in an operation setting within a crime lab.
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